![]() Socialization is supported by the positive and negative sanctioning of role behaviors that do or do not meet these expectations. Hence for Merton, Sociology is the study of social structure.Though Merton started the Functional Analytical Approach, for him the central orientation of functionalism is ‘the practice of interpreting data by establishing their consequences for larger structure in which they are implicated’ (Merton, 1968, pp.100-1).The key processes for Talcott Parsons for system reproduction are socialization and social control.According to Calhoun Functionalism (sometime called structural functionalism’) refers to the body of theory first developed in the 1930s and 1940s that treats society as a set of interdependent system. ![]() Strain theory has become popular with Contemporary sociologists. Talcott Parson and Robert Merton are the central tenets of structural-functionalist. Strain Theory was first developed by Robert Merton in the 1940s to explain the rising crime rates in the USA. Writers such as Hirschi (1969), Johnson (1979), and Kornhauser (1978) have argued that Merton’s theory is not supported empirically however, others (such as Farnworth and Lieber, 1989) argue that it does. Merton coined the term “role model” and hypothesized that individuals compare themselves with reference groups of people who occupy the social role to which the individual aspires. In such a situation there is a ‘strain’ between the goals and the means to achieve those goals, and some people turn to crime in order to achieve success. Merton’s strain theory became the basis of much criminal sociology in the 1950s and 1960s but received substantial and damaging criticism.
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